Abdorrahman Boroumand Center

for Human Rights in Iran

https://www.iranrights.org
Omid, a memorial in defense of human rights in Iran
One Person’s Story

Hossein Shakuri

About

Nationality: Iran
Religion: Baha'i
Civil Status: Unknown

Case

Date of Killing: April 2, 1979
Location of Killing: Oshnavieh, Azarbaijan-e Gharbi Province, Iran
Mode of Killing: Unspecified execution method
Charges: Unknown charge

About this Case

Mr. Hossein (Also spelled "Husayn") Shakuri is one of the 206 Iranian Baha’is listed in a 1999 report published by the Baha’i International Community. The report, Iran’s Secret Blueprint for the Destruction of a Religious Community, documents the persecutions of the members of the Faith in the Islamic Republic of Iran and lists the Baha’is killed since 1978. Additional information has been drawn from various issues of the The Baha’i World. See for example: Vol. XIX, 1982-1986, Haifa 1994.

Attacks against Baha'is, including those carried out by non-state actors, are documented in Omid because there has been active and direct government involvement in the persecution of this minority. The government’s responsibilities in these abuses are both of commission and omission. Commission means direct government hand in the persecution, trials, and deaths of scores of Baha'is. The government has also promulgated laws that are discriminatory against non-Muslims generally. However, the Baha’i faith is particularly targeted since the government defines it as a heresy.

As a result, the members of the Baha’i community are deprived of the right to equal protection under the law and could be accused of apostasy. Under Islamic law, apostasy is a crime that may be punishable by death. While the post-revolutionary Penal code does not mention the crime of apostasy, Islamic Republic judicial and religious authorities have publicly discussed cases of apostasy. In a statement published in October 1981 in the Kayhan daily for example, the Head of the Islamic Republic Revolutionary Courts, Ayatollah Gilani and stressed that: “the punishment for a Mortad-e Fetri [apostate who was born in a Muslim family] is death and his repentance is not accepted.” The combination of such statements and articles on punishment in the Penal Code provided grounds for individuals, state or non-state actors, for killing anyone they considered to be a "pagan", an "apostate", or a “corruptor on earth”. Article 22 (or 226) of the Hudud and Qesas laws states that: "A homicide is punishable by Qisas only if the person killed did not deserve death based on Shari'a." The article specifies further that the murderer must prove in court that the murdered person deserved to be killed, allowing thus any citizen to kill another citizen based on his or her understanding of what is prohibited by Shari'a.

The Baha’is in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Background

The authorities of the Islamic Republic have subjected the members of the Baha'i religious community of Iran - the largest religious minority, with approximately 300 thousand members in 1979*- to systematic harassment and persecution, depriving them of their most fundamental human rights. The Baha'i religion is not recognized under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic, and Iranian authorities refer to it as a heresy. As a result, the Baha'is have been denied the rights associated with the status of a religious minority; they cannot profess and practice their faith, and are banned from public functions. Discrimination under the law and in practice has subjected them to abuse and violence.**

Persecution of Baha’is in Iran is not specific to the time of the Islamic Republic but it was in this era that it was amplified and institutionalized. During the Revolution itself, supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini attacked Baha’i homes and businesses and in certain instances, even committed murder.

On the eve of his return from France to Iran, in response to a question regarding political and religious freedom of Baha’is under the rule of an Islamic government, Ayatollah Khomeini stated: “They are a political party; they are harmful and detrimental. They will not be acceptable.” The interviewer asked another question: “Will they be free to perform their religious rites?” The Ayatollah responded: “No.” Khomeini had previously “spoken of the Baha’i threat to the Shah’s regime, Islam, national unity, and national security” in various speeches. (Asoo website, October 6, 2015).

Judgment

This defendant was sentenced to death and executed. Baha'is have reported to human rights organizations that the text of sentences is often not communicated to them.

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* ‘Slow Death for Iran’s Baha’is’ by Richard N. Ostling, Time Magazine,20 February 1984. Also see ‘The Persecution of the Baha’is of Iran, 1844-1984, by Douglas Martin, Baha’i Studies,volume 12/13, 1984, p. 3. There is no information about the current number of Baha’is in Iran.
** The Islamic Republic Penal Code grants no rights to Baha'is, and the courts have denied them the right to redress or to protection against assault, murder, and other forms of persecution and abuse. In so doing, the courts have treated Baha'is as unprotected citizens or "apostates," citing eminent religious authorities whose edicts are considered to be a source of law equal to acts of Parliament. The Founder of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Khomeini, made execution a punishment for the crime of apostasy and decreed that a Muslim would not be punished for killing an apostate

 

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